The Nile River, particularly around Murchison Falls, has long been a vital source of sustenance for the ancient tribes of Uganda. Fishing was not just a means of survival but also a cultural practice deeply embedded in the traditions of the Alur, Acholi, and other local communities. Over centuries, these tribes developed unique and sustainable fishing techniques using locally available materials.
1. Basket Traps (Orugo / Obworo)
- Description: Woven from reeds, papyrus, or bamboo, these cone-shaped traps were placed in shallow waters.
- Method: Fish would swim into the wide opening but struggle to escape due to the narrow inner design.
- Used by: The Alur and Acholi people.
2. Spearfishing (Lac / Lweny)
- Description: Fishermen used sharpened wooden spears or metal-tipped harpoons.
- Method: They either stood on rocks or waded into the water, striking fish with precision. Some used torches at night to attract fish.
- Used by: Acholi and Langi warriors, who were skilled hunters.
3. Hook-and-Line Fishing (Cula / Dwogo)
- Description: Simple hooks made from bone, wood, or later metal, attached to plant-fiber lines.
- Method: Baited with insects or small fish, these hooks were cast from the shore or dugout canoes.
- Used by: Nearly all Nile tribes, especially for catching smaller fish.
4. Weirs and Barriers (Akwedi / Gali)
- Description: Stone or wooden barriers built across narrow river channels to direct fish into traps.
- Method: Fish swimming downstream would be funneled into enclosures where they could be easily caught.
- Used by: The Banyoro and Alur, who constructed semi-permanent fishing structures.
5. Net Fishing (Okuyo / Gero)
- Description: Handwoven nets made from plant fibers or later cotton.
- Method: Cast nets were thrown over schools of fish, while drag nets were used in groups to sweep larger catches.
- Used by: The Acholi and Alur, often as a communal activity.
6. Poison Fishing (Yago / Obwete) (Rare & Controlled)
- Description: Crushed toxic plants (e.g., Tephrosia vogelii) were used to stun fish.
- Method: The poison was spread in enclosed waters, causing fish to float to the surface for easy collection.
- Used by: Occasionally by the Alur, but regulated to avoid overuse.
7. Night Fishing with Fire (Lac pa Lawi)
- Description: Torches made from resinous wood or oil lamps attracted fish to the surface.
- Method: Fishermen in canoes would spear or net fish drawn to the light.
- Used by: The Acholi and Langi, especially during the dry season.
Conclusion
These traditional fishing methods reflect the ingenuity and deep connection the ancient tribes had with the Nile. While modern techniques have replaced some practices, many communities still use these sustainable methods, preserving a vital part of their heritage.